Thursday, June 23, 2005

Celestial Soiree


Space Daily has a great little piece on the upcoming celestial conjuction of Venus, Mercury and Saturn.
Anybody with a telescope, or at least a good pair of binoculars, should get ready at sunset this weekend when the three planets will form a tight, bright triangle above horizon. Calling it "spectacular," the report higlights some cool trivia about the event. So clutter your head:

The closest planet to the sun, Mercury, is not the hottest. Venus is. The surface temperature of Venus is 870 F (740 K), hot enough to melt lead. The planet's thick carbon dioxide atmosphere traps solar heat, leading to a runaway greenhouse effect.

Venus is so bright because the planet's clouds are wonderful reflectors of sunlight. Unlike clouds on Earth, which are made of water, clouds on Venus are made of sulfuric acid. They float atop an atmosphere where the pressure reaches 90 times the air pressure on Earth. If you went to Venus, you'd be crushed, smothered, dissolved and melted--not necessarily in that order.

Mercury is only a little better. At noontime, the surface temperature reaches 800 F (700 K).

Radars on Earth have pinged Mercury and found icy reflections near the planet's pes. How can ice exist in such heat? NASA's MESSENGER spacecraft is en route to Mercury now to investigate.

Here's one way to trick an astronomer: Show them a picture of Mercury and ask what it is. Many will answer "the Moon," because the Moon and Mercury look so much alike. But Mercury has something that the Moon does not: long sinuous cliffs called "lobate scarps." Some researchers think Mercury's scarps are like wrinkles in a raisin, a sign of shrinkage.

If you look at Venus or Mercury through a telescope, you won't be impressed. Both are featureless, Venus because of its bland clouds, Mercury because it is small and far away. Saturn is different. Even a small telescope will show you Saturn's breathtaking rings.

Galileo Galilei discovered Saturn's rings almost 400 years ago, but he didn't understand what he saw. Saturn's rings are improbably thin. If you made a 1-meter-wide scale model of Saturn, the rings would be 10,000 times thinner than a razor blade. They're full of strange waves and spokes and grooves. And no one knows where they came from.

One school of thought holds that Saturn's rings are debris from the breakup of a tiny moon or asteroid only a few hundred million years ago.

As recently as the Age of Dinosaurs on Earth, Saturn might have been a naked planet - no rings! Tiny moons orbiting among the rings today appear to be stealing angular momentum, which, given time, could cause the rings to collapse.

That's one of many questions being investigated by NASA's Cassini spacecraft, which has been orbiting Saturn since 2004. Cassini is on a 4-year mission to study Saturn's moons (all 34 of them), rings and weather.

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